Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9 provides:
(b) Fraud or Mistake; Conditions of Mind. In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.
That said, there are certain causes of action under the securities laws, like claims under Section 11 and 12 of the Securities Act, that do not require plaintiffs to prove that the defendant had any particular state of mind. These claims do not, therefore, sound in fraud by their nature. And, because the PSLRA did not alter the pleading standards for claims under the Securities Act, that means Section 11 and 12 claims are ordinarily subject to the more limited demands of Rule 8 pleading.
Nonetheless, federal courts have generally agreed that if a particular plaintiff’s allegations in a particular case come across as rather fraudy, the higher pleading standard will apply. Plaintiffs have therefore gone to great lengths to avoid alleging fraud in connection with Securities Act claims, which can be particularly challenging when Section 10(b) claims arise out of the same facts – plaintiffs usually try to completely separate the two sets
