The Eastern District of Pennsylvania recently issued a lengthy opinion, largely refusing to dismiss a Section 10(b) complaint alleging that Energy Transfer LP made a series of misstatements about certain pipelines that were under construction.  See Allegheny County Employees’ Ret. Sys. v. Energy Transfer LP, 2021 WL 1264027 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 6, 2021). There’s probably a lot worth examining here but I’m actually just going to use it as a jumping off point to talk about the PSLRA safe harbor.

The safe harbor insulates forward-looking statements from private securities fraud liability if:

(A) the forward-looking statement is—

(i) identified as a forward-looking statement, and is accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statement; or…

(B) the plaintiff fails to prove that the forward-looking statement–

(i) if made by a natural person, was made with actual knowledge by that person that the statement was false or misleading; …

(2) Oral forward-looking statements

In the case of an oral forward-looking statement …the requirement set forth in paragraph (1)(A) shall be deemed to be satisfied–

(A) if the oral forward-looking statement is accompanied by a cautionary statement—

…(ii)

The AALS Section on Business Associations has two calls for papers.  Both are below.

Call for Papers for the

Section on Business Associations Program on

Race and Teaching Business Associations

January 5-9, 2022 AALS Annual Meeting

The AALS Section on Business Associations is pleased to announce a Call for Papers for its program at the 2022 AALS Annual Meeting, which will be held virtually. The topic is Race and Teaching Business Associations. Up to two presenters will be selected for the section’s program.

Business Associations classes taught in most law schools spend little if any time on issues relating to racial discrimination and inequity. But as important social institutions, businesses have long had a significant impact on racial equity. The increasing scrutiny of the lack of diversity on public company boards is one of several fronts where businesses are facing both legal and social pressure to address racial inequity. Students are increasingly interested in understanding how the law governing business organizations reflects or contributes to racial injustice. Many law professors want to do more to cover topics relating to race in their Business Associations course and are seeking guidance on how to do so. This panel will provide a

Professor Christina Parajon Skinner recently posted her new article, Central Bank Activism (forthcoming, Duke Law Journal).  The topic couldn’t be more timely or important.  Here’s the abstract:

Today, the Federal Reserve is at a critical juncture in its evolution. Unlike any prior period in U.S. history, the Fed now faces increasing demands to expand its policy objectives to tackle a wide range of social and political problems—including climate change, income and racial inequality, and foreign and small business aid.

This Article develops a framework for recognizing, and identifying the problems with, “central bank activism.” It refers to central bank activism as situations in which immediate public policy problems push central banks to aggrandize their power beyond the text and purpose of their legal mandates, which Congress has established. To illustrate, the Article provides in-depth exploration of both contemporary and historic episodes of central bank activism, thus clarifying the indicia of central bank activism and drawing out the lessons that past episodes should teach us going forward.

The Article urges that, while activism may be expedient in the near term, there are long-term social costs. Activism undermines the legitimacy of central bank authority, erodes its political independence, and ultimately renders a

When Goldman Sachs petitioned the Supreme Court to grant certiorari from the Second Circuit’s affirmance of a class certification grant, it described the case as having “enormous legal and practical importance,” and later reiterated that it would be “hard to overstate the legal and practical importance of this case.”

By the time we got to oral argument, though … not so much.

I blogged about Goldman Sachs v. Arkansas Teacher Retirement System when it was before the Second Circuit (see here and here), but I only minimally discussed the Supreme Court iteration, in part because I couldn’t figure out what the legal issue was, other than that Goldman thought Amgen Inc. v. Connecticut Ret. Plans & Tr. Funds, 568 U.S. 455 (2013) was wrongly decided.

Well, that was my mistake, because it’s clear now that in fact, Goldman does not think that Amgen was wrongly decided, and the legal issue is that it doesn’t like the fact that it lost in the Second Circuit Court of Appeals.

That was evident in the briefing, in which it invited the Supreme Court to review the expert evidence submitted to the district court and reweigh it in its favor. (Seriously.

We are looking to make up to two tenure-track hires at Mississippi College School of Law. I’m chairing the search committee, so please don’t hesitate to reach out to me directly if you are interested. Here’s the announcement:

Mississippi College School of Law invites applications from entry-level candidates for multiple tenure-track faculty positions expected to begin July 2021. Our search will focus primarily on candidates with an interest in teaching one or more of the following courses: Contracts, Professional Responsibility, Business Associations, Commercial Paper, Antitrust, Wills and Estates, Trusts, Domestic Relations, Criminal Procedure, Evidence, and Trial Advocacy. We seek candidates with a distinguished academic background (having earned a J.D. and/or Ph.D.), a commitment to excellence in teaching, and a demonstrated commitment to scholarly research and publication. We particularly encourage applications from candidates who will enrich the diversity of our faculty. We will consider candidates listed in the AALS-distributed FAR, as well as those who apply directly. Applications should include a cover letter, curriculum vitae, a scholarly research agenda, the names and contact information of three references, and teaching evaluations (if available). Applications should be sent in a single PDF to Professor John P. Anderson, Chair, Faculty Appointments Committee, via email

Christina Sautter and Sergio Alberto Gramitto Ricci recently uploaded Corporate Governance Gaming to SSRN.  This is the abstract:

The GameStop saga and meme stock frenzy have shown the pathway to the most disruptive revolution in corporate governance of the millennium. New generations of retail investors use technologies, online forums, and gaming dynamics to coordinate their actions and obtain unprecedented results. Signals indicate that these investors, whom we can dub wireless investors, are currently expanding their actions to corporate governance. Wireless investors’ generational characteristics suggest that they will use corporate governance to pursue social and environmental causes. Their engagement with corporate governance has the potential to spark a social movement. The movement would be based on disintermediation of investments and aimed at bringing business corporations to serve their original partly-private-partly-public purpose. This article discusses premises, architecture, and characteristics of the movement that would cause business corporations to re-marry their partly-private-partly-public purpose. If such a movement proves successful, the paradigm shift that finally makes corporations serve the welfare of a broader range of stakeholders would happen at the hands of shareholders.

Sautter and Gramitto are the first I know of to tackle what the new dynamics the Gamestop affair ushered in mean

This past Friday and Saturday, The Tobias Leadership Center at Indiana University, the Center for Legal Studies and Business Ethics at the Spears School of Business at Oklahoma State University, and the American Business Law Journal hosted the online symposium “Ethical Leadership and Legal Strategies for Post-2020 Organizations.”  I wanted to share with readers the program slides Download 2021-Symposium-Slides for “details of the interesting topics and diverse approaches that were taken to the symposium’s theme.” 

The American Business Law Journal anticipates publishing a special issue on the symposium’s theme.  I’ll be sure to keep readers posted!

This week, I offer brief comments on a couple of different things:

1.  I’ve previously blogged about courts that stretch the definition of “forward-looking statement” in order to preclude defendants from claiming the protections of the PSLRA safe harbor.  But probably the more common scenario runs in the other direction.  Behold Police and Fire Retirement System of Detroit v. Axogen, 2021 WL 1060182 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 19, 2021), where the plaintiffs alleged that Axogen claimed that the potential demand for its medical products was very large because of the sheer number of nerve repair surgeries performed every year in the U.S.  As it turned out, far fewer surgeries were performed annually; in effect, the plaintiffs argued that Axogen overstated the size of its market.  Here’s what the court said in its dismissal order:

Plaintiff … [focuses] in particular on statements made in Axogen’s offering materials and elsewhere that a certain number of people in the United States “each year…suffer”  traumatic PNI [peripheral nerve injuries], which “result in over 700,000 extremity nerve repair procedures,” and that “[t]here are more than 900,000 nerve repair surgeries annually in the U.S.”  Plaintiff argues these statements refer to “present existing

Earlier today, a number of law school securities clinics met online with the SEC thanks to its Office of the Investor Advocate to talk about what they have been seeing in their cases.  By the most recent count, we’re down to only about 12 securities clinics nationwide.  Jill Gross has written about these disappearing clinics.  In my role, I teach business organizations, securities regulation, professional responsibility, and also offer a clinic from time to time.  At UNLV, clinics are not always offered every semester because our faculty also teach other courses.  With the need to turn a clinic on and off, I can’t run the kind of investor protection clinic I ran when I was at Michigan State because the cases just don’t wrap up in a semester.  Although we’ve done it in the past at UNLV with good results for clients and students, it’s not something that works well without attorney support to carry the cases and provide broader assistance when we’re not in session.  With that in mind, we’ve offered a “Public Policy”clinic here this semester with a focus on helping non-profits in preparing comment letters and advocating for their own goals.  This new offering focuses mostly on

A speculative frenzy appears to have taken hold of markets, extending to everything from GameStop shares to sports cards and anything blockchain (again).  Caught up in the mania are SPACs – specifically the blank-check firms trading before an acquisition target has been identified.

The difficulty, as the Financial Times recently reported, is that retail shareholders caught up in the SPAC craze aren’t necessarily interested in voting their shares when it comes time to consummate a merger.  Worse, a large number of them may have sold their shares after the record date, leaving no one to actually cast the ballot.

Which is why Switchback Energy Acquisition Corporation recently issued the most extraordinary press release:

  • Stockholders as of the Close of Business on December 16, 2020 Should Vote Their Shares Even if They No Longer Own Them

Switchback Energy Acquisition Corporation (NYSE: SBE) (“Switchback”) today announced that it convened and then adjourned, without conducting any other business, its virtual Special Meeting of Stockholders to February 25, 2021 at 10:00 a.m., Eastern time (the “Special Meeting”), to allow for more time for stockholders to vote their shares to reach the required quorum and approve the required proposals….

Switchback has