We have some significant developments in the law for expungement hearings. As a quick refresher for those that don’t follow this corner of securities law closely, the process for deciding whether or not to remove customer dispute information from a broker’s record is unreliable, poorly designed, and seemingly emboldens brokers to commit more misconduct.  One study found that “with prior expungements are 3.3 times as likely to engage in new misconduct as the average broker.” 

Many of the problems flow from how brokers procure expungements.  Often they simply file an arbitration against their employer. (Notably, the employer benefits if its broker/sales agent has red flags and past misconduct removed from regulatory and public databases.)  At some point, they notify the customer about the arbitration and their right to participate, but non-party customers have little incentive or ability to meaningfully participate–and usually don’t participate.  Arbitrators, hearing no reason not to grant the expungement from the parties overwhelmingly recommend expungement.  The broker then notifies FINRA and has the arbitration award “confirmed” by a state court.  As I wrote in my comment letter, “judicial review under these circumstances provides no meaningful check on this process and only serves as a dubious veneer.”  Under the law, courts confirming arbitration awards do not meaningfully review these awards–they simply confirm them absent certain, statutorily-defined problems with the award.

In October, I wrote about a proposal to change some of the rules for brokers seeking to expunge customer dispute information from their records and linked to my own extensive comment letter on the proposal which drew heavily from a law review article explaining how the system fails to surface relevant information because many hearings are not adversarial.  (The SEC also received comments from Arbitrator Julius Z. FragerPIABA, NASAA, AdvisorLaw, Pace Law School’s Securities Clinic, St. John’s Securities Clinic, and Steven Caruso.) At the time, I explained that the proposal would do much to change the fundamental dynamic and would leave many problems in place:

But there are many things the proposal won’t do.  It won’t address common customer barriers to participation.  It won’t provide a lengthy notice period so customers can figure out what is going on and get legal help. It won’t even guarantee customers can receive all of the documents filed in these arbitrations.  It won’t make it clear that these proceedings are really ex-parte proceedings and that all advocates must be held to higher standards in them.  It won’t change the system in any truly significant way.  It burdens the customer with protecting the public record at the customer’s expense.

After the comment period, FINRA extended the time for SEC action on the proposal before providing a response to comments and an amended proposal, addressing some of the problems I highlighted.  The amended proposal meaningfully engages with the comments and makes some real improvements.  Although I didn’t get everything I wanted, I’m glad that the amendment addresses some of the most egregious flaws in the current system.  I have my thoughts on FINRA’s response after the jump.

The past few days, I’ve been thinking a lot about the classic case of AP Smith Manufacturing Co. v. Barlow, 98 A.2d 581 (N.J. 1953).

Though it is often invoked as emblematic of the “stakeholder” theory of the corporation, large portions of Barlow read more like a particularly vigorous application of the business judgment rule.  So long as corporate altruism could conceivably benefit the corporation, it will not be second-guessed.  Thus, Barlow held that corporate donations to Princeton University were permissible because, among other things:

[Corporations] now recognize that we are faced with other, though nonetheless vicious, threats from abroad which must be withstood without impairing the vigor of our democratic institutions at home and that otherwise victory will be pyrrhic indeed. More and more they have come to recognize that their salvation rests upon sound economic and social environment which in turn rests in no insignificant part upon free and vigorous nongovernmental institutions of learning….[S]uch expenditures may likewise readily be justified as being for the benefit of the corporation; indeed, if need be the matter may be viewed strictly in terms of actual survival of the corporation in a free enterprise system….

[T]here is now widespread belief throughout

Carliss Chatman has a new book out aimed at an audience aged six years old and up.  It’s called Companies Are People Too and available on Amazon now.  I’ve sent copies to all my nieces already.  It’s accessible and helps explain the role companies play in our society.  If you’re a business lawyer looking for a way to help explain what you do, this can provide a great entry point.  It’s currently #1 on Amazon in Children’s Money Books.

Teaching Fellow – Corporate Governance and Practice LLM, Stanford Law School

Stanford Law School offers multiple specialized LLM programs to international students who have practiced law outside the U.S. The Corporate Governance and Practice LLM program admits approximately 20 students annually. Working under the supervision of Professor Michael Klausner, the Faculty Director of the program, the Teaching Fellow will assume significant academic, advising, and administrative responsibilities for these students. Applicants for this fellowship are sought for a two-year commitment, starting in summer 2021.

The Teaching Fellow will be responsible for teaching two courses: one on corporate law from an economics perspective; and another on corporate law practice. The latter course will include outside speakers from practice. The fellow will also organize other academic and social events, and will be responsible for managing the Corporate Governance and Practice LLM program on a day-to-day basis, advising LLM students on academic and career issues, responding to inquiries from prospective LLM applicants, screening and admitting applicants, and interacting with faculty in support of the LLM program goals and needs. The fellow will have the support of and work with the Associate Dean for Graduate Programs, the Associate Dean for Student Affairs, the Executive Director of the International

BLPB Readers:

The University of Oklahoma (OU) invites nominations and applications for the next Dean of the College of Law. Building upon the successful tenures of the last two deans over 26 years, OU seeks an inspiring leader who can help craft and execute an innovative and inspiring vision for legal education at OU. The Dean of the College of Law is the chief executive officer of the College of Law and reports directly to the Senior Vice President and Provost of The University of Oklahoma. 

The complete announcement can be viewed here.

I’ve previously written about Shari Redstone and the controversies surrounding Viacom and CBS; this week, VC Slights kindly gave me something new to blog about when he denied defendants’ motion to dismiss shareholder claims associated with the Viacom/CBS merger.

The CliffsNotes version is that due to a dual-class voting structure, Shari Redstone was the controlling shareholder of CBS and Viacom, and for several years fought to combine the two companies.  Her dreams were finally realized in 2019 when the two merged in a stock-for-stock deal.  Former Viacom shareholders sued, alleging that this was a transaction in which a controlling stockholder – Redstone – stood on both sides, and that the deal sold out the Viacom shareholders to benefit CBS and Redstone. 

Normally, of course, deals in which a controlling stockholder has an interest are subject to entire fairness scrutiny unless they are cleansed in the manner prescribed by Kahn v. M&F Worldwide Corp., 88 A.3d 635 (Del. 2014).  Notwithstanding the failure to employ those protections here, the defendants creatively claimed that business judgment review was appropriate – and moved to dismiss on that basis – arguing that mere presence on both sides does not trigger heightened scrutiny

I am fascinated by Chancellor Bouchard’s opinions in the WeWork dispute, available here and here.

The backstory: In the wake of WeWork’s collapsed IPO, SoftBank – which was one of WeWork’s significant investors – agreed to buy additional equity from the company, to complete a tender offer for a large amount of WeWork’s outstanding equity, and to lend WeWork $5.05 billion.  It ended up buying the equity and the debt, but the tender offer fell through.  At that point, WeWork – on the authority of the 2-person Special Committee who had negotiated the SoftBank deal – filed suit against SoftBank for breaching its obligations under the contract.  The Board of WeWork – by then consisting of 8 people: the 2 members of the Special Committee, 4 others designated by and obligated to Softbank, and 2 more with SoftBank affiliations – appointed two new, ostensibly independent directors to serve as a new committee to investigate the litigation.  One of the Special Committee members objected to the appointment; the other abstained from the vote.

The new committee was charged with determining whether the Special Committee had authority to sue SoftBank.  To the utter shock of absolutely no one, they concluded that

    With so much recent controversy and uncertainty surrounding the personal benefit test for tipper-tippee liability pursuant to Section 10b insider trading liability (see, e.g., here, and here), prosecutors have recently looked to other statutory bases for obtaining convictions. As part of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Congress enacted 18 U.S.C. § 1348, Securities and Commodities Fraud. This general anti-fraud provision provides that:

Whoever knowingly executes, or attempts to execute, a scheme or artifice…[t]o defraud any person in connection with…any security…or [t]o obatain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, any money or property in connection with the purchase or sale of any…security… shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than 25 years, or both.

    While the language of §1348 is similar to Section 10b, relatively few insider trading cases have been brought under it. It looked as though this might, however, be changing in the wake of a recent Second Circuit decision holding that the controversial personal-benefit test does not apply to tipper-tippee actions brought under §1348. In United States v. Blaszczak, 947 F.3d 19 (2d Cir. 2019), the court held that §1348 and Section 10b were adopted

I’ve previously discussed the common ownership problem in this space, and it basically comes down to the fact that common ownership – institutional investors who own stock in a broad swath of companies, including competing companies – is a mixed bag.  On the one hand, it may incentivize investors to address systemic risks, like climate change.  On the other, it operates in tension with a corporate governance framework predicated on shareholder wealth maximization, and may incentivize anticompetitive behavior to the extent investors care less about competition within an industry than maximizing profits for the industry as a whole.  And on the third hand, the mere fact that this kind of vast power over our economic system is exercised by only a handful of private players – whether used for good or for ill – may represent a political/democracy problem.

As a result, there have been proposals to break up the power of the largest fund families.  For example, Lucian Bebchuk and Scott Hirst have proposed that fund families be limited to investing in 5% of any particular target company.

That’s not what’s on the table, however.

In two new releases, the FTC has proposed reinterpreting

If you are attending the AALS Annual Meeting, I hope to see you here (Zoom link details forthcoming):

For Whose Benefit Public Corporations? Perspectives on Shareholder and Stakeholder Primacy
Sponsored by the Section on Socio-Economics
Co-Sponsored by the Sections on Business Associations and Securities Regulation 
Friday, January 8, 2021, 1:15 – 2:30 pm
(Papers drawn from this program will be published in the University of the Pacific Law Review)

Program Description

On August 19, 2019, the Business Roundtable, a self-described “association of chief executive officers of America’s leading companies,” issued a statement seeking to redefine the purpose of the corporation by moving away from shareholder primacy and towards a “commitment to all stakeholders.” Since that time, corporate governance experts have continued to vigorously debate the merits of shareholder primacy and stakeholder primacy. Focusing on tensions and synergies among the financial and other socio-economic interests of the corporation and its fiduciaries, shareholders, and other stakeholders, this panel seeks to provide relevant perspectives on the current state of this debate.

Panelists

Robert Ashford (Syracuse)
Lucian Bebchuk (Harvard)
Margaret Blair (Vanderbilt)
June Carbone (Minnesota)
Joshua Fershée (Dean, Creighton)
Sergio Gramitto (Monash)
Stefan Padfield (Moderator, Akron)
Edward Rubin (Vanderbilt)
Marcia Narine Weldon (Miami)