February 2017

News on TaxJazz: The Tax Literacy Project from Tulane Law colleague Marjorie Kornhauser:

TaxJazz provides individuals with non-partisan, non-technical, accessible tax information to help people participate in discussions about tax policy and problems facing the nation. TaxJazz already addresses basic tax questions, such as: Why do we have taxes? Are there any legal constraints on taxation? What can be taxed? How do we decide what is a fair tax? It plans to add material on particular tax issues and provisions.

The readings, worksheets, dialogues and other materials are suitable for use by individuals or by groups in a variety of situations. They have already been used 7 times in different settings including high schools, a city recreation department’s after-school program, and a community senior center. They have already been used by over 350 people between the ages of 12 and 80.

For more information, please Contact Us.

Looks like I may need to spend some time over there at TaxJazz.  I certainly do not consider myself tax literate! Maybe this will help.  A quick pass over the materials on the site reveals catchy graphics and coverage of salient issues about taxing authority and tax policy.  I know a few legislators who…

I’m teaching a seminar on the Financial Crisis this semester, and so I was intrigued when I saw this article about a new paper that proposes a simple reform to improve credit ratings.

As most readers probably know, one of the problems that led to the crisis was a gradual deterioration in the quality of the credit ratings issued by agencies like Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s.  The basic charge has been that the agencies, paid by the issuers, had an incentive to issue inflated ratings.  If they did not, the issuer would simply turn to another agency.  The competition for business among agencies was destructive and corrupted the integrity of the rating.

There have been lots of proposals to reform the process – everything from greater disclosure to disgorgement of profits – but Howard Esaki and Lawrence J. White have a simpler idea.  They would simply create a rule that if the issuer goes to more than one ratings agency, the issuer is required to drop (or not pay for) the most lenient rating.  

They have a couple of variations, but the basic idea is the same – ratings agencies won’t compete to give the most lenient rating if…

The University of Richmond School of Law invites submissions for the inaugural Mid-Atlantic Junior Faculty Forum. This workshop will be held on Wednesday, May 10 and Thursday, May 11, 2017 in Richmond, Virginia.

Overview

This new workshop will bring together junior law scholars to present their scholarship in an informal collegial atmosphere.  The workshop is timed to allow participants to incorporate feedback on early ideas or projects before the summer.  Papers and works-in-progress are welcome at any stage of completion.  To maximize discussion and feedback, the author will provide a brief introduction to the paper, but the majority of the individual sessions will be devoted to collective discussion of the papers. 

Richmond Law will provide all lunches and dinners for those attending the workshop, but attendees will cover their own travel and lodging costs.

Eligibility

All untenured law faculty at Mid-Atlantic law schools who have been teaching for ten years or less are eligible to participate.   Those who do not currently hold a permanent or visiting faculty appointment, but expect to do so beginning in fall 2017 are also welcome. 

Submission Procedure

If you would like to participate, please send an abstract of the paper you would like to present…

The Constitution tells us that patents can be given to “inventors,” and the Patent Act states that protection is available to “[w]hoever invents or discovers” an invention.  These are not generally controversial propositions, but like so many legal regimes, technology is forcing these analog laws to deal with digital phenomena. The culprits here are artificial intelligence and software capable of inventing new technologies. Can patents be given to digital “inventors,” and if not, does any human have the right to patent such an invention?

Obvious comparisons can be drawn to whether non-humans can be “authors”—as required by the Constitution—for copyright purposes. For instance, can a digital composer of music be given copyright protection for its work? The academic consensus is that technology is not an author (for Constitutional purposes), but the agreement dissolves from there. Some have argued that programmers should be given ownership rights—a reasonable proposition—but this sentiment is far from universal.

With little guidance from copyright law, parties have looked elsewhere for ideas in the patent sphere.  It has been posited that—if a non-human cannot be an inventor—current patent laws require the first person to “discover” the value of the non-human invention to be the inventor.

Laureate Education recently became the first standalone publicly traded benefit corporation. They are organized under Delaware’s public benefit corporation (PBC) law, are also a certified B corporation, and will be trading as LAUR on NASDAQ.  

Plum Organics, also a Delaware PBC, is a wholly owned subsidiary of publicly-traded Campbell Soup Company. And Etsy is a publicly traded certified-B corporation, but is organized under traditional Delaware corporation law.

Whether the for-profit educator Laureate will hurt or help the popularity of benefit corporations remains to be seen, but some for-profit educators have not been getting good press lately.

Inside Higher Ed reports on Laureate Education’s IPO as a benefit corporation below:

The largest U.S.-based for-profit college chain became the first benefit corporation to go public Wednesday morning.

Laureate Education, which has more than a million students at 71 institutions across 25 countries, had been privately traded since 2007. Several major for-profit higher education companies have over the last decade bounced back and forth between publicly and privately held status; also yesterday, by coincidence, the Apollo Group, owner of the University of Phoenix, formally went back into private hands….In its public debut, the company raised $490 million….

Becker

…

Shortly after the election in November, I blogged about Eleven Corporate Governance and Compliance Questions for the President-Elect. Those questions (in italics) and my updates are below:

  1. What will happen to Dodd-Frank? There are already a number of house bills pending to repeal parts of Dodd-Frank, but will President Trump actually try to repeal all of it, particularly the Dodd-Frank whistleblower rule? How would that look optically? Former SEC Commissioner Paul Atkins, a prominent critic of Dodd-Frank and the whistleblower program in particular, is part of Trump’s transition team on economic issues, so perhaps a revision, at a minimum, may not be out of the question.

Last week, via Executive Order, President Trump made it clear (without naming the law) that portions of Dodd-Frank are on the chopping block and asked for a 120-day review. Prior to signing the order, the President explained, “We expect to be cutting a lot out of Dodd-Frank…I have so many people, friends of mine, with nice businesses, they can’t borrow money, because the banks just won’t let them borrow because of the rules and regulations and Dodd-Frank.” An executive order cannot repeal Dodd-Frank, however. That would require a vote of 60…

Prominent corporate governance, corporate finance and economics professors face off in opposing amici briefs filed in DFC Global Corp. v.  Muirfield Value Partners LP, appeal pending before the Delaware Supreme Court.   The Chancery Daily newsletter, described it, in perhaps my favorite phrasing of legal language ever:  “By WWE standards it may be a cage match of flyweight proportions, but by Delaware corporate law standards, a can of cerebral whoopass is now deemed open.”   

Point #1: Master Class in Persuasive Legal Writing: Framing the Issue

Reversal Framing: “This appeal raises the question whether, in appraisal litigation challenging the acquisition price of a company, the Court of Chancery should defer to the transaction price when it was reached as a result of an arm’s-length auction process.”

vs.

Affirmance Framing: “This appeal raises the question whether, in a judicial appraisal determining the fair value of dissenting stock, the Court of Chancery must automatically award the merger price where the transaction appeared to involve an arm’s length buyer in a public sale.”

Point #2:  Summary of Brief Supporting Fair Market Valuation:  Why the Court of Chancery should defer to the deal price in an arm’s length auction

  • It would reduce litigation and

…

According to CNN/Money, 2016 was a record year for women.  The report: 

America hit a milestone in 2016: The most female CEOs ever. There are now 27 women at the helm of S&P 500 companies. 

 The good news is it’s a new record for women in business, according to S&P Global Market Intelligence. It’s also 22% more — a big jump — from last year, when only 22 women led S&P 500 companies. 
Wow.  It’s not shocking that women are trailing, but the numbers are still pretty surprising to me. That’s a lot of unrealized talent.  
 
I have had the opportunity to work for two women who were deans of my law schools, and that, too, is pretty uncommon, though far more so than the numbers at Fortune 500 companies.  Women make up about 34% of faculty and 30% of law deans (or did as of 2015). That’s noticeably better, but it remains clear we have work to do.
 
And that’s really all I have to offer right now. We need to do better in how we assess talent and ability.  Because the numbers suggest we’re missing out.  
 
 
 

This post comments on the method for managing regulation and regulatory costs in the POTUS’s Executive Order on Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs.

I begin by acknowledging Anne’s great post on the executive order.   She explains well in that post the overall scope/content of the order and shares information relevant to its potential impact on business start-ups.  She also makes some related observations, including one that prompts the title for her post: “Trumps 2 for 1 Special.”  In a comment to her post, I noted that I had another analogy in mind.  Here it is: closet cleaning and maintenance.

84px-Wall_Closet
You’ve no doubt heard that an oft-mentioned rule for thinning out an overly large clothing collection is “one in, one out.”  Under the rule, for every clothing item that comes in (some limit the rule’s application to purchased items, depending on the objectives desired to be served beyond keeping clothing items to a particular number), a clothing item must go out (be donated, sold, or simply tossed).  Some have expanded the rule to “one in, two out” or “one in, three out,” as needed.  The mechanics are the same.  The rule requires maintaining a status quo as to the number of items in one’s closet and, in doing so, may tend to discourage the acquisition of new items.

Articulated advantages/values of this kind of a rule for wardrobe maintenance include the following:

  • simplicity (the rule is easy to understand);
  • rigor (the rule instills discipline in the user);
  • forced awareness/consciousness (the rule must be thoughtfully addressed in taking action); and
  • experimentation encouragement (the rule invites the user to try something new rather than relying on something tried-and-true).

Disadvantages and questions about the rule include those set forth below.

  • The rule assumes that it is the number of items that is the problem, not other attributes of them (i.e., age, condition, size, suitability for current lifestyle, etc.).
  • Once new items are acquired, the rule assumes that existing ones are no longer needed or are less desirable.
  • The rule operates ex post (it assumes the introduction of a new item) rather than ex ante (allowing the root problem to be addressed before the new item is introduced).
  • The rule encourages an in/out cycle that incorporates the root of the problem (excess shopping) rather than addressing it.
  • Definitional questions require resolution (e.g., what is an item of clothing).

Internet sources from which these lists were culled and derived include the article linked to above as well as articles posted here and here.

Regulation is significantly more complex than clothing.  But let’s assume that we all agree that the list of advantages/values set forth above also applies to executive agency rule making.  Let’s also assume the validity and desirability of the core policy underlying the POTUS’s executive order on executive agency rule making, as set forth below (and excerpted from Section 1 of the executive order).

It is the policy of the executive branch to be prudent and financially responsible in the expenditure of funds, from both public and private sources. In addition to the management of the direct expenditure of taxpayer dollars through the budgeting process, it is essential to manage the costs associated with the governmental imposition of private expenditures required to comply with Federal regulations.

How do the closet organization disadvantages or questions stack up when applied in the executive agency rule-making context?  Here’s my “take.”