I spent a bunch of the day today reading an excellent draft paper written by one of my 3L students. The paper is about fraud carveouts in no seller indemnity deals backed by representations and warranties insurance. But this post is not about that. It is about a question I asked the student (and myself) in connection with my review of the paper about how to classify or label certain provisions she was describing.
The standard structure of an M&A agreement includes articles clearly labeled as including representations and warranties, covenants, and conditions. However, other articles are not as transparent in advertising their contents. An article entitled “Indemnification” typically does include an express agreement (sometimes mutual agreements) to indemnify that would easily be classified as a covenant. But that article also may include an exclusive remedy provision, restricting recourse for a breach of representation or warranty to the indemnification. An example would be as follows (courtesy of Law Insider):
Sole and Exclusive Remedy. From and after the Closing, the indemnification provisions of this Article XII shall be the sole and exclusive remedy of each Party (including the Seller Indemnified Parties and the Purchaser Indemnified Parties) (i) for
